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�(La resurrecci�n de Jes�s) es�si podemos usar por una vez el lenguaje de la teor�a de la evoluci�n�la mayor �mutaci�n�, el salto m�s decisivo en absoluto hacia una dimensi�n totalmente nueva, que se haya producido jam�s en la larga historia de la vida y de sus desarrollos: un salto de un orden completamente nuevo, que nos afecta y que ata�e a toda la historia�.


Este es un extracto de la homil�a de la Vigila Pascual del papa Benedicto XVI en 2006. Unos d�as despu�s, John Allen, comentarista del National Catholic Reporter, la cit� como un ejemplo de las sorpresas (que nos dejan sin aliento) que en ocasiones nos brinda el papa Benedicto. De hecho, esta declaraci�n no toma por sorpresa a quienes conocen el inter�s que el cardenal Joseph Bernardin siempre ha tenido por el tema de la evoluci�n. Muchos cat�licos desconocen la posici�n de la Iglesia sobre la evoluci�n, y no saben que en los Estados Unidos, algunas de las denominaciones cristianas han asumido una postura r�gida contra la ense�anza de la evoluci�n en las escuelas p�blicas.


En este blog intentar� resumir algunos de los momentos claves en el desarrollo de la posici�n de la Iglesia Cat�lica sobre el tema de la evoluci�n. Mi intenci�n no es argumentar a favor o en contra de la evoluci�n o de una teolog�a basada en la evoluci�n, sino simplemente compartir con nuestros lectores la historia (quiz�s sorprendente para muchos) de la posici�n de la Iglesia.


En agosto de 1950, el papa P�o XII emiti� una �tregua� en la enc�clica Humani Generis, y dej� el asunto sobre el origen de las especies individuales a la habilidad de la investigaci�n en las ciencias naturales, con la condici�n de que el hombre no puede ser explicado �nicamente en t�rminos de los factores biol�gicos. Como ser viviente dotada de un alma, cada persona es un nuevo comienzo que no puede derivarse de los precursores biol�gicos.


M�s o menos al mismo tiempo, el paleont�logo jesuita Teilhard de Chardin intent� integrar la ciencia y la teolog�a en su visi�n del Cristo C�smico. Su nueva visi�n se hizo muy popular. Muchos de sus escritos no fueron publicados hasta su muerte porque sus superiores le pidieron que no lo hiciera. La suya fue la visi�n de un m�stico que ha beneficiado enormemente la conversaci�n.


En 1985, la Congregaci�n vaticana para la Doctrina de la Fe, fue la anfitriona de un simposio bajo la direcci�n de su prefecto, el cardenal Ratzinger. En el prefacio de la colecci�n de documentos de dicho simposio, �l hizo la distinci�n entre la teor�a cient�fica de la evoluci�n y la postura filos�fica que interpreta todo a trav�s del lente de la evoluci�n, al indicar que mientras que hoy la fe ya no tiene dificultad alguna en permitir que la hip�tesis cient�fica de la evoluci�n se desarrolle en paz de acuerdo a sus propios m�todos, el argumento absoluto del modelo filos�fico explicativo de la �evoluci�n� es un desaf�o m�s radical a la fe y a la teolog�a.


En octubre de 1996, el papa Juan Pablo II envi� un mensaje a la Pontifica Academia de Ciencias. Dijo: �Para delimitar bien el campo de su objeto propio, el ex�geta y el te�logo deben mantenerse informados acerca de los resultados a los que llegan las ciencias de la naturaleza. Hoy�nuevos conocimientos llevan a pensar que la teor�a de la evoluci�n es m�s que una hip�tesis�.


En julio de 2005, el cardenal Christophe Sh�nborn, arzobispo de Viena, public� un art�culo de opini�n en The New York Times, que cre� bastante controversia porque fue interpretado como un paso atr�s en la aceptaci�n de la evoluci�n por parte de la Iglesia. De hecho, el Cardenal s�lo buscaba expresar que no estaba de acuerdo con los evolucionistas que negaban la direcci�n innata en la evoluci�n, y utilizan la evoluci�n como el lente hermen�utico a trav�s del cual se trata todo asunto. Corrigi� el mal entendido en su libro �Change or Purpose? Creation, Evolution and a Rational Faith� (�Cambio o Prop�sito? Creaci�n, Evoluci�n y una Fe Racional), publicado en ingl�s en 2009. En dicho libro, explica su profunda admiraci�n por la visi�n de Teilhard de una m�stica creaci�n c�smica.


En 2006, el papa Benedicto XVI, al continuar la larga tradici�n de reunir a algunos de sus estudiantes de doctorado para un intercambio de documentos y discusiones, invit� a sus antiguos alumnos a Castel Gandolfo para discutir el tema de la evoluci�n. Algunos documentos de la conferencia fueron publicados en 2009 como �Creaci�n y Evoluci�n�.


Una cosa es abrirse a la ciencia de la evoluci�n, y otra es desarrollar una teolog�a que integre con �xito dicho concepto en el magisterio (la autoridad de la ense�anza de la Iglesia). Aunque en la actualidad un n�mero de te�logos cat�licos se dedican a dicho esfuerzo, ninguno ha recibido la aprobaci�n del Vaticano, hasta donde tengo conocimiento. Sin embargo, el papa Benedicto indic� recientemente que es tiempo de mirar nuevamente al pensamiento de Teilhard de Chardin.


El 24 de julio de 2009, el Papa aludi� sorpresivamente a Teilhard durante la celebraci�n de las v�speras. De acuerdo con John Allen, el Papa dijo: �Es la gran visi�n que despu�s tuvo tambi�n Teilhard de Chardin: al final tendremos una aut�ntica liturgia c�smica, en la que el cosmos se convierta en hostia viva�.


Allen a�adi�: �Cuanto menos, la expresi�n pareci� bendecir la exploraci�n de las ideas del fenecido jesuita. Dicha impresi�n pareci� ser confirmada por el sacerdote jesuita Federico Lombarda, portavoz del Vaticano, quien luego dijo: �A estas alturas, nadie so�ar�a con decir que [Teilhard] es un autor heterodoxo que no debe ser estudiado��.


Hermano Richard DeMaria, CFC
Director Ejecutivo, Ministerio de Formaci�n Cristiana


LECTURAS ADICIONALES:


  • Humani Generis: Click here

  • Homil�a de la Vigilia Pascual: Click here

  • Creation and Evolution (Creaci�n y Evoluci�n) : Click here

  • Celebraci�n de V�speras Click here

  • Mensaje del Papa Juan Pablo II a la Academia Pontificia de Ciencias: Click here




Comments from readers

Richard DeMaria - 09/19/2009 02:17 PM
Eric:
I hope that another participant will be able to answer your questions. I don't know the earlier history of the Church and evolution, but would like, as would you, to know more . Richard
Antonio Fernandez - 09/19/2009 10:51 AM
I'm not a theologian or a scientist like most of those who have shared their opinions about the excellent article by Brother DeMaria; however, I would like to share with this group my humble, very simplistic and in no way supported thought. I'm convinced that in the Creation of the world there was an imperative need of the action of God in three moments:

1) In the emptyness of space there was a need for an extraordinary and ever existing force (God) to bring energy and matter into the universe.

2) At a given moment a particle of inanimated matter was transformed from lifeless to one being full of life (animal and/or plant).

3) At the end of an "evolution" process a given animal or whatever other life- or lifeless-form was used, there was a leap into the begining of the human beings as God blew the breath of life (soul) into these new creatures.

What happened between these moments, I don't think the Church gives us currently any final word. That's up to the scientists as long as they do not affirm that the universe was the mere result of just the forces of nature without having a personal God that planned it.

I hope no one is offended for my bringing your discussion to this unscientific level.
Eric Giunta - 09/18/2009 04:06 PM
I would love for someone to synthesize Catholic reaction to evolutionary theory before the pontificate of Pius XII. I began reading Amir Aczel's "The Jesuit and the Skull: Evolution, and the Search for Peking Man", and eventually threw it in the trash, as the author seemed to be bent on anti-Christian "faith v. science" invective. Intelligent critique is one thing, undocumented accusation another. Dr. Aczel was very insistent that the Catholic Church was anti-evolution from the get-go.

I also have yet to come across a straight-forward explanation of what Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo taught on the subject. I believe along with Gregory of Nyssa, he had speculated the original life forms "planted" in the Garden by God were not created in precisely the form they are today, and had undergone some kind of . . . "evolution"? I am curious as to his Scriptural and philosophical basis for such speculation.
Richard DeMaria - 09/17/2009 08:33 AM
A.G. Mendive: To make sense of a theory of evolution with its history of pain and suffering, the Christian would need to complement it with the Christian theology of suffering and its redeptive value.

Michael Kramer: Thank you for identifying key church documents concerning Teilhard de Chardin. They complete the history and I will include them in any future presentation I do on this topic (which does not have the space limitations of this blog format).

I also agree that we should wait for more clarification on what Benedict actually said about Teilhard and what he intended by his remark. The precedent which you provide in the case of the letter to Cardinal Poupard and how that letter was mis-understood by the popular press should cause me not to rely upon third party sources so cavalierly.
A.G. Mendive - 09/15/2009 07:26 AM
I think about evolution and creationism and I don�t find any difficulty in accepting both. There are things though that I would love for someone to explain to me. For example: If the instinct for self-preservation is a predominant if not the predominant one in the animal world, why does the female of the species become pregnant? You would think that she makes her life so much harder; after all, she is the one that normally has to raise them, feed them, and protect them. However, they appear to be imprinted with the need to carry out that function even though it obviously affects them in a negative way. It would then seem that this drive is imprinted in them, like a computer program. The question then is who was the programmer?
Kathleen Deignan, CND - 09/14/2009 09:16 PM
What a wonderfully condensed and helpful summary of the development of thought in our tradition on the subject of evolution. Thanks so much. KD
Michael Kramer - 09/14/2009 01:21 PM
Fr. Teilhard de Chardin was forbidden from writing under Pope Pius XII by his Jesuit Superiors.
Indeed Pius XII's Encyclical Humani Generis condemns Teilhard's work by teaching explicitly the opposite of that taught by Fr. Teilhard de Chardin.

WARNINGS REGARDING THE WRITINGS OF FATHER TEILHARD DE CHARDIN
Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Under Blessed Pope John XXIII:

On June 30, 1962, the Holy Office issued a monitum (warning) regarding the writings of Father Teilhard de Chardin. In 1981 the Holy See reiterated this warning against rumors that it no longer applied. Following is the text of both the monitum and the 1981 statement:
Admonition

"Several works of Fr. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, some of which were posthumously published, are being edited and are gaining a good deal of success.

"Prescinding from a judgement about those points that concern the positive sciences, it is sufficiently clear that the above-mentioned works abound in such ambiguities and indeed even serious errors, as to offend Catholic doctrine.

"For this reason, the most eminent and most revered Fathers of the Holy Office exhort all Ordinaries as well as the superiors of Religious institutes, rectors of seminaries and presidents of universities, effectively to protect the minds, particularly of the youth, against the dangers presented by the works of Fr. Teilhard de Chardin and of his followers.

"Given at Rome, from the palace of the Holy Office, on the thirtieth day of June, 1962.

Sebastianus Masala, Notarius"


''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Under the Servant of God Pope John Paul II whose Prefect for the competent Congregation (of the Doctrine of the Faith) is now the Holy Father, Pope Benedict XVI

Communiqu� of the Press Office of the Holy See (appearing in the English edition of L'Osservatore Romano, July 20, 1981)

"The letter sent by the Cardinal Secretary of State to His Excellency Mons. Poupard on the occasion of the centenary of the birth of Fr. Teilhard de Chardin has been interpreted in a certain section of the press as a revision of previous stands taken by the Holy See in regard to this author, and in particular of the Monitum of the Holy Office of 30 June 1962, which pointed out that the work of the author contained ambiguities and grave doctrinal errors.

"The question has been asked whether such an interpretation is well founded.

"After having consulted the Cardinal Secretary of State and the Cardinal Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which, by order of the Holy Father, had been duly consulted beforehand, about the letter in question, we are in a position to reply in the negative. Far from being a revision of the previous stands of the Holy See, Cardinal Casaroli's letter expresses reservation in various passages�and these reservations have been passed over in silence by certain newspapers�reservations which refer precisely to the judgement given in the Monitum of June 1962, even though this document is not explicitly mentioned."

_________________________________________________________

It is therefore abundantly clear that the Holy See wishes to express that this man wrote things that at the very least can lead to opinions contrary to the absolute truths of the Faith. The Encyclical Humani Generis of Pope Pius XII, referenced by the good brother is one that can be read to understand the teaching of the Church on the matter. The writings of Teilhard according to our Popes, including Pope Benedict XVI, without the interpretations of Father Lombardi and John Allen, are to be received with caution if they are received at all. Better that they not be received for as we know, he who plays with danger shall perish in it.

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